Black Power Movement Essay

Black Power Movement Essay ZAHRAA JAINODIEN INTRODUCTION The failures of the Civil Rights Movement resulted in the Black Power Movement. Members of the party felt that passive resistance was unrealistic and that for real change to occur, violent direct action would need to happen. Leaders like Malcolm X felt that passive resistance was not effective. Not only did Black Power promote black beauty is also unified African Americans. Why did the BPM come into existence? The Civil Rights Movement achieved many great things, their powerful protests created an immense amount of awareness for the oppression of black people in America. Protests like the Montgomery Bus Boycott, The sit-ins in 1960, the March on Lincoln Memorial, the Birmingham Campaign in 1963, Freedom summer of 1964, and the Selma-Montgomery marches, attained: the passing of the Civil Rights Act by the American Congress in 1964. This outlawed discrimination based on racial, ethnic, national, religious and gender identity, and the passing of the Voting Rights Act by the American Congress in 1965. In addition to these acts being passed black people gained a new self-confidence as the result of The CRM. Black people also gained a new sympathy for the things that they had lost during the CRM from their fellow white citizens of America. Despite the achievements of the CRM by 1965 the general economic conditions of African Americans were poor. They lived in ghettos which were crowded and diseases would often arise due to the lack of facilities, the ghettos were often in bad conditions and most of the time unkempt[1]. Apart from the living conditions, most of these people were unemployed or paid very low wages as job opportunities were lacking. This resulted in poverty and crime and to many the achievements of the CRM were in vain, they had lost all hope. Although they had achieved civil rights they were still subject to copious amounts of discrimination often racial abuse and violent attacks with this the police provided little protection and sometimes were guilty of these brutal attacks. The African Americans had no solution to this problem as they were taught by previous leaders like Martin Luther King that passive resistance and civil disobedience were commendable ways of disapproving authority but many felt that this ideology was inadequate and so they turned to more forceful ways of resistance[2]. Black power promoted black interests and this appealed to many frustrated African Americans. Black power grew out of black dissatisfaction of the CRM. Although the achievements of the CRM were praiseworthy it was not good enough. A Ghetto during the 1960s What Influence did Malcolm X have on the development of the BPM? Malcolm X was an African American Muslim minister and a human rights activist. Malcom X joined the Nation of Islam, which believed that blacks were superior to whites. They also believed in black self-reliance and that African Americans should return to where they originated from, Africa, as they believed that they would never be abundantly accepted in American society. Malcolm X became one of their best outspoken speakers. After his time as part of the Nation of Islam his relationship with the leader of the movement Elijah Muhammad grew hostile [3] and he decided to leave the movement. Malcolm X believed that blacks had the right to defend themselves violently in the face of a violent attack if necessary to achieve their freedom and equality. He did not believe in integration between blacks and whites making him an early proponent of Black Nationalism. Thus he didn’t believe in Martin Luther King’s ideology of passive resistance, their lack of power was the foundation of Malcolm X’s duty to encourage that protests be more assertive.[4] Although he was a firm believer of the promotion of black interests, black self-esteem, black self-pride and black self-defence against racial oppression his views began to change after his pilgrimage to mecca. He discovered that Muslims preach equality of the races. After returning to America he remained convinced that racism ruined the spirit of America and that only black people could free themselves. Malcom X What were the main beliefs and aims of the BPM? The Black Power Movement was interpreted in various ways and had many beliefs but ultimately a common objective, Black Nationalism. Black power promoted black interests, self-sufficient black economy, Black self-pride and self-esteem. They believed that black people and white people should not be integrated therefore they fostered a distinctive black culture. [5] These ideas caused friction with leaders of the Civil Rights Movement as the CRM worked towards social equality whereas Black Power believed in black separation. Not all parties were in favour of Black Nationalism, The Black Panther party believed in Self-defence against racial oppression. They also believed that the structure of power in America was imbalanced [6] and that majority of the people in power in America were white thus making it unfair, they believed that people of colour were economically exploited and that it needed to be rectified. Black power believed in black control of their communities, they didn’t believe in nonviolent protests as they believed that direct action was more effective. Supporters of the Black Power Movement began adopting distinctive ways of dressing, especially women who then decided that their wardrobe would be more uniformed inspired than European. They coined a term â€Å"Black is Beautiful†[7] and this became their mantra, men and women were asked to stop straightening their hair and bleaching their skin, as in American culture it was believed that certain black characteristics were undesirable, thus men and women donned an afro hairstyle to display their new found confidence in being black. They believed that time was not to be wasted on proving to the white people that they were equal but rather that, that time to be spent on educating the black community of black power , building institutions and providing protection to fellow black citizens. What methods did the BPM employ? There were various methods that were employed by the members of the BPM. During the Civil Rights Movement, an organisation called the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) was a non-violent committee that would participate in sit-ins and freedom rides, protesting against the inequality between white and black people. It started out non-violently but later on in the 60s it fell under the leadership of a passionate Stokely Carmichael and this organisation became a predecessor of the BPM. The Black Panther Party carried out most of the procedures when it came to educating the black people of black power. The Black Panther Party was initially formed to protect black people from police brutality but under the leadership of Stokely Carmichael the Black Panther Party adopted Black Nationalism. Many of the members of the party carried firearms with them; this was thought to protect the black people from the police but also made them look very intimidating displaying their clear contrary to the Civil Rights Movement. Majority of the black people were illiterate and this created a problem for the party as leaflets could not be made therefore it was pointless if no one could read them, so the leaders made decisions to incorporate awareness in less literal way. â€Å"They could have leafleted the community and they could have written books, but the people would not respond. They had to act and the people could see and hear about it and therefore become educated on how to respond to oppression.†[8] They decided that crime and poverty in the ghettos could be decreased if they employed people who were interested in conveying radical change. Apart from being responsible for various criminal activities the BBP formed armed groups for self-defence against the police, this was their strategy to protect themselves and idea of Black Nationalism. Under this party the main focus was that black people would be free from white people completely, and that they only relied on themselves and other people falling under the black nation. Members of the BBP How successful was the BPM? It is suggested that Black Power made positive, lasting contributions to the African American lifestyle.[9] It created greater racial pride amongst the black people in America. Black people became more accepting of their American heritage, they noted that they would be stronger as country than as segregated races. African Americans were now taken care of, ghettos decreased as well as crime and poverty. Black voters were endowed to support their black candidates[10]. The Black Power Movement also formed a path; black students were now given the opportunity to study at university without any racial oppression or discrimination. Although we like to believe that racial discrimination no longer existed in America, it did and it still does. The Black Power Movement also created a strong black culture for African Americans, this was something that they could relate to, and this culture consisted of soulful music, eccentric fashion and heartfelt literature. The BPM also formed a platform for cultural tolerance in America, as different cultures were now accepted amongst people of the country. What is the legacy of the BPM today? The Black Power Movement set down a fundamental platform for the advancement of African Americans. Black Power was not the only contributing factor, but the Civil Rights Movement also played a big role in achieving equality for African Americans. Under the Civil Rights Movement, Civil Rights Acts were passed, race discrimination became illegal and this gave African Americans a new kind of self-esteem and self-confidence in who they were as Americans. Although the Black Power Movement â€Å"ended† the spirit today still does exist, not only in America but in all parts of the world. If we look at America today, there are many successful African Americans in the country. The dream of many African Americans was achieved in 2008 when Barack Obama was elected as America’s first black president. This could not be made possible if black power did not exist. It was the strength and power of the many activists in the 1960s and 1970s that fashioned an important part in history today. â€Å"Black powers impact thus remains powerfully resonant — however fraught and contentious — as a generation of black politicians, artists, and intellectuals have channelled the new black identity it first articulated in diverse and varied ways†[11] with this said the writer makes a very crucial point, that Black Power was the basis of the accomplishments of African Americans today and that it should remain as a token that A frican Americans should remember of the struggle. Conclusion It is suggested that the failures of the Civil Rights Movement subsequently lead to the rise of Black Power. The methods used during the Civil Rights Movement like passive resistance and civil disobedience felt inadequate to the black people therefore it appeared that was a need for alternative methods to achieve equality. Timeline of the BP 1952 Malcolm X joins The Nation of Islam 1955-1956 Montgomery Bus Boycott 1960 The first Sit-in occurred in Greensboro, North Carolina 1963 The March on Washington (Lincoln Memorial) 1963 Birmingham Campaign 1964 Freedom Summer Campaign 1964 Civil Rights Act was signed 1964 Malcolm X breaks with the Nation Of Islam 1965 Voting Rights Act was signed 1966 The Black Panther Party was founded by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale 1966 Stokeley Carmichael becomes ‘Honorary Prime Minister’ of the BBP 1967 Stokeley Carmichael is removed From BBP 1972 National Black Political Convention was held 1980 BBP started to dissipate 1983 Martin Luther King Jr Day was created Illustrations A protest of Asians showing their support of Black Power, they’re protesting for the release of Huey Newton who was imprisoned for murdering a policeman in 1967. A Black panthers poster with their mantra â€Å"Move on over or we’ll move on over you† which basically meant that they were not afraid for fighting for their rights. Bibliography Revolutionaries to Race Leaders: Black Power and the Making of African American Politics written by Cederic Johnson Black theology and black power written by James H. Cone http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080312215601AA8bRSr http://prasadokurian.blogspot.com/2011/10/paradox-of-passive-resistance.html http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/malcolmx/peopleevents/e_noi.html http://marnielangeroodiblog.wordpress.com/2013/05/03/malcom-x-black-power/ http://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/N/bo3633780.html http://www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/fhamptonspeech.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_is_beautiful http://www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/fhamptonspeech.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_is_beautiful [1] http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080312215601AA8bRSr [2] http://prasadokurian.blogspot.com/2011/10/paradox-of-passive-resistance.html [3] http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/malcolmx/peopleevents/e_noi.html [4] Adapted from http://marnielangeroodiblog.wordpress.com/2013/05/03/malcom-x-black-power/ [5] http://www.press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/N/bo3633780.html and adapted from New day in Babylon the BPM movement and American culture written by William l. van Deburg, ISBN: 9780226847153 Published November 1993 [6] http://www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/fhamptonspeech.html [7] Adapted from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_is_beautiful [8] Quote by Black Panther leader, Huey Newton 1968 [9] adapted from New Day in Babylon: The Black Power Movement and American Culture, 1965-1975By William L. Van Deburg [10] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965 [11] Quote from an article http://www.penielejoseph.com/legacy.html

Thomas Hobbes Essay

The philosophy of Thomas Hobbes, especially that of his major work, Leviathan, is designed to understand the motives of human nature and, from these, seek the surest way to civil peace. This is one of the earliest examples of a â€Å"scientific† method of understanding political science in that the commonwealth was to be built on a handful of axioms, all deriving from what Hobbes considered facts of human nature (cf. Matthews, 118). The nature of these axioms leading to civil peace is the purpose of this present essay. The primary understanding of human nature that, if applied properly, would lead to social peace is that human beings desire power. This is nearly identical to Machiavelli’s approach to politics. It seems that in both Hobbes and Machiavelli, human beings desire power, and hence, develop â€Å"moral† systems that justify the present holding or seeking of power (Morgan, 528-530, and 581-582). But the nature of this axiom is that people are naturally programmed to seek power and no matter of moral suasion will stop this. Hobbes wants to begin from a single concept and build upon it rather than attempt to suppress it, since any attempt at suppression itself proves the axiom correct. If human nature is taken seriously rather than covered over with metaphysical theories, then peace might be the consequent: human beings must be taken as they are, not as one might want them to be. If the above axiom is true, that is, people desire power, than many other axioms follow from it. The first axiom that follows from the first is that reason is a slave to the passions (Morgan, 641). Reason, in other words, cannot provide ends, but merely means, and significantly, justifications after the fact. Appealing to reason is hence, not appropriate with such a view of humanity, and only the appeal to passion will work here. Passion is nothing that can be suppressed, but it can be controlled. Passion is the engine of human nature in a similar sense that hunks of matter in a vacuum will continue in constant morion unless acted upon by another force. This is an exact parallel to Hobbes here, and the only opposing force to passionate human motion is other human beings, and hence, the problem: humans are constantly, following from this, in a state of war. What makes this state of war particularly harsh is that the abilities of human beings as individuals, or organizing into groups, are roughly equal (Morgan, 591). This means that the war of all against all will continue constantly, with no clear winner. Any â€Å"winner† will be only a temporary winner, and will soon be dethroned by another faction. The fact of equality is not something here taken from observation, but from a deduction from â€Å"atomic† theory (or at least, the theories of matter current at the time), where atoms, in their basic structure, are all the same. Matter is matter, energy is energy, humans are humans. From the above, it follows that human beings are determined. Free will, to an extent, is rejected in Hobbes. For him, liberty is the ability to do what one wills without outside opposition (Morgan, 621). This is consistent with determinism in that the will must have a reason, that is, a cause, for having the desire it has and bringing it to fruition. Hence, man is determined, but since he does what he wants, he is thus free. This just underscores the fact that reason is impotent to being about peace, only the passions can be appealed to in that the constant clashing of wills and the frustration of one’s freedom as Hobbes describes it is constant warfare. From the above, Hobbes deduces that humanity is egocentric, power hungry and willful, and as a result, without some countervailing power, is in a constant state of warfare. The nature of this countervailing power is the real centerpiece of the Leviathan. The general point is that if humanity can be reduced to a few, simple, clear axioms that follow logically from one another, as any good scientific theory should do, then the state, the countervailing power that keeps these human â€Å"atoms† in line relative to one another, should also be simple, unified and follow logically from the axioms about human nature. Hence, Hobbes is seeking to be completely scientific and a â€Å"realist† about both humanity and the state that they will live under in order to reach peace. At this point in the logical progression, it seems impossible to live in a state of peace. Human beings are depicted as lustful, egocentric and equal beings constantly in a state of motion and hence, clashing with all other peoples, essentially hunks of matter in motion, connected to an almost arbitrary engine of passion. But it is the Leviathan that will bring this peace, and it is passion that it will use to justify itself and bring peace to the commonwealth. Hobbes describes humanity prior to all law and custom, that is, the â€Å"law of nature. † The primary motive force of humanity is power, considered generally. But if warfare is a constant feature of the â€Å"state of nature,† then the drive for power for each and all is constantly being frustrated. It seems logical to hold that eventually, these egocentric people will constantly see their designs thwarted and their purposes constantly harmed y others. From this, all those that seek power, that is, everyone, will be forced to come to some agreement, a â€Å"covenant† among themselves that will provide a measure of peace so that the power struggle can continue in more peaceful channels. This is the nature of the covenant (Morgan, 594). This agreement comes not about through reason, but through the constant frustration of passion. Reason is a means to an end, and power is always that end. But power cannot be had in the state of nature given its constantly shifting nature, and therefore, reason then acts as a slave to passion and demands some kind of agreement, a contract that will bring peace. The nature of this covenant must follow from the facts of human nature outlined above. Hence, it cannot really be a parliamentary democracy because that merely leaves the state of nature intact, one faction constantly unseating another, leading to the same chaos as before. The kind of state that is agreed upon is basically a dictatorship of a party that must act equally between individuals and factions within the society. All power is hence transferred to the state, the dictatorship, and in return, this power is used to keep the warring factions from destroying each other. The only real demand laid on the state is that of objectivity in judging among the factions, and hence, the state must ultimately be a monarchy (of sorts), equidistant from all centers of power in society and hence, able to judge among them fairly (Morgan, 613). Putting this differently, if power is the desire of all individuals and factions, then it follows that the state exists solely for security (Morgan, 606). If humanity is described in axiomatic terms all following one from another, and the state is itself part of this logical progression, then it also follows that the nature of the state’s action also must follow from the above. This means that the state is unitary, dedicated to one purpose and based on a rule of law that is simple and dedicated entirely to security and, according to the contract, treats all individuals and factions as morally equal to one another (Morgan, 641). The logical structure of the Leviathan comes down to working out contradictions in the axiomatic description of human beings. If human beings desire power and cannot get it in the state of nature, then a powerful state must be crated that permits humanity to live and seek after power through peaceful means. But since no faction will permit one group to rule at the expense of all others, the state must be single, focused and based on an agreed upon set of laws (a â€Å"constitution†) that enshrines this concept of political equality. Only then can all factions agree to give up their violent ways to the central authority. Since human beings are egocentric and passionate, the state based on the rule of law agreed to by all factions beforehand follows logically. The terms â€Å"peace† and â€Å"justice† are used here in highly technical and scientific ways that part radically with previous attempts to define and justify these words. Peace, according to Hobbes, is merely the absence of war (Morgan, 592). It simply is a state of affairs that permits power hungry individuals to pursue their designs in a peaceful manner. Any breach of this peace will, ideally, lead to swift and harsh action from the state that they have empowered to keep watch over their actions. Justice is similar in that it is based on knowledge. The early parts of the Leviathan are based on a scientific method, a means of coming to know human nature as generally and simply as possible. Justice just flows from this. Ultimately, justice derives from science, which is the knowledge of good and evil (Morgan, 603). In practice, this merely means that humans are attracted by the same set of things, and recoil from the same set of things. If power and what it implies are seen in the former, then the frustration of their liberty (as defined above) is what repels them. This knowledge alone allows one to see the basis and ultimate justice of the state. Hence, justice is defined accordingly, as the ability of the person, or, at last, the state, to control the passions of the population when they threaten to disrupt the precarious balance of peace in the commonwealth (Morgan, 599-600). But this is understood by all who are punished by the state in that they have agreed to this on the basis that their own liberty is endlessly obstructed by others in the state of nature. But, as a final thought, this is the very nature of one’s civic duty–to eliminate all private desires and to follow the laws as laid down by the sovereign and agreed upon by those who have demanded these laws (Morgan, 610-611). Duty is not something that is arrived at through reason, but through the passionate desire for power. It is frustrated in the state of nature, but permitted to function freely under the rule of law. There is no â€Å"thick† view of civic duty here, but rather, the control over one’s passions in the interest of those same passions, to permit them to develop in peace. The desire for peace derives from the identical desire for power, except that this desire is frustrated in a state of war. This is what makes Hobbes compelling: the approach to politics could not be simpler. The concept of civic duty is summed up by Hobbes as the act of giving up â€Å"governing oneself† (Morgan, 608), and permitting the more violent elements of one’s passion to be governed by the state only. What is left to the person is the peaceful pursuit of his passionate desires. Politically speaking, the commonwealth is that entity that exists for the sake of peace and security by the efficient control of the private desires of the people involved. In its place, the public will as expressed by the laws of the sovereign so far as they do not violate the very simple terms of the contract. In conclusion, the nature of peace and civic duty for Hobbes are two sides of the same coin. The public persona of the person in the commonwealth is as a public entity, a person dedicated to civic peace and dedicated to the elimination of all personal desires relative to other members of the community. The final end, according to Hobbes’ own description is the pursuit of power by peaceful means, engaging in commerce, etc. The sovereign is the public persona and serves to maintain this persona within the personalities of all involved.

Religion as a cause of IntraState War

Disputes and disagreements over religious beliefs have been and continue to be one of the main sources of conflict, civil war, terrorism and even genocide in the modern world. As the noted theologian Hans Kà ¼ng has said: â€Å"There will be no peace among the peoples of the world without peace among the world religions.† (Shaefer,2004)Religious practices and beliefs have often been at the center of conflicts throughout history.   Religious conflict can involve two or more completely different religions or can rip apart one religion from within.   Religious beliefs are so deeply engrained into cultures that conflicts arise with change or when religions come into contact.   Even if the differences are minor, followers of all religions can become fervent when threatened.   In short, religion is something worth fighting for, according to history.   However, possibly one of the greatest ironies is that religious conflict usually goes against the teachings of the religio ns involved.   Imagine the strength of religion when war and violence are justifiable only when defending the faith, a faith that promotes good-will, peace, and the acceptance of others.â€Å"The fact that religion appears in such colorful variety – that there is not one single religion but a plurality – has always been a source of irritation for people,† writes Dr. Schaefer, laying out the problem. â€Å"Religions are in many ways similar, and yet they are so different; there is much which unites them, but also much which divides them. This is indeed irritating. All the world religions teach that there is only one ultimate reality, which we call God. If that is so, there can logically only be one truth: But if there is only one truth, why are there so many religions?†(Shaefer, 2004)â€Å"Once started religious strife has a tendency to go on and on, to become permanent feuds. Today we see such intractable inter-religious wars in Northern Ireland, betwe en Jews and Muslims and Christians in Palestine, Hindus and Muslims in South Asia and in many other places. Attempts to bring about peace have failed again and again. Always the extremist elements invoking past injustices, imagined or real, will succeed in torpedoing the peace efforts and bringing about another bout of hostility.† Datuk Seri Dr Mahathir Mohamad, Prime Minister of Malaysia, addressing the World Evangelical Fellowship on 2001-MAY-4In the Philippines, the migration of Christians settlers   to Mindanao and the transmigration program favoring the Christians causes intrastate conflict.   Furthermore, the under-representation of the Muslim in most categories of public service also brings conflict to Christians and Muslims in the Philippines.States have tended to approach religious opposition tactically rather than strategically. Countries such as Saudi Arabia and Pakistan have focused on short-term political gains using the most expedient tools available to count er religious opposition – from concessions on social issues to crackdowns on political opposition. The history of changing and shortsighted state policies toward religious opposition suggests these approaches are not sustainable in the long term. Nor have states shown much success in managing the spiritual/ideological dimension of conflict once it has begun – even if they started to stir religious passions in the first place. Increasingly, religion is both an identifiable source of violence around the world and simultaneously so deeply interwoven into other sources of violence — including economic, ideological, territorial, and ethnic sources — that it is difficult to isolate.(Treverton, Gregg, Giblan & Yost, 2005)WARS WITH A RELIGIOUS DIMENSION( Gantzel et al., (1993) 1. Mayanamar/Burma 1948 Buddhists vs. Christians 2. Israel/Palestinian 1968 Jews vs. Arabs )Muslims-Christians) 3. Northern Ireland 1969 Catholic vs. Protestants 4. Philippines (Mindanao) 1 970 Muslims vs. Christians (Catholics) 5. Bangladesh 1973 Buddhists vs. Christians 6. Lebanon 1975 Shiites supported by Syria (Amal) vs. Shiites supported by Iran (Hezbollah) 7. Ethiopia (Oromo) 1976 Muslims vs. Central government 8. India (Punjab) 1982 Sikhs vs. Central government 9. SudanWITH 1983 Muslims vs. Native religions 10. Mali-Tuareg Nomads 1990 Muslims vs. Central government 11. Azerbejdan 1990 Muslims vs. Christian Armenians 12. India (Kasjmir) 1990 Muslims vs. Central government (Hindu) 13. Indonesia (Aceh) 1990 Muslims vs. Central government (Muslim) 14. Iraq 1991 Sunnites vs. Shiites 15. Yugoslavia (Croatia) 1991 Serbian orthodox Christians vs. Roman Catholic Christians 16. Yugoslavia (Bosnia) 1991 Orthodox Christians vs. Catholics vs. Muslims 17. Afghanistan 1992 Fundamentalist Muslims vs. Moderate Muslims 18. Tadzhikistan 1992 Muslims vs. Orthodox Christians 19. Egypt 1977 Muslims vs. Central government (Muslim) Muslims vs. Coptic Christians 20. Tunesia 1978 Muslims vs. Central government (Muslim) 21. Algeria 1988 Muslims vs. Central government 22. Uzbekisgtan 1989 Sunite Uzbeks vs. Shiite Meschetes 23. India (Uthar- Pradesh) 1992 Hindus vs. Muslims 24. Sri Lanka 1983 Hindus vs. MuslimsHunttington (1993) xpects more conflicts along the cultural-religious fault lines because (1) those differences have always generated the most prolonged and the most violent conflicts; (2) because the world is becoming a smaller place, and the increasing interactions will intensify the civilization- consciousness of the people which in turn invigorates differences and animosities stretching or thought to stretch back deep in history; (3) because of the weakening of the nation-state as a source of identity and the desecularisation of the world with the revival of religion as basis of identity and commitment that transcends national boundaries and unites civilizations; (4) because of the dual role of the West. On the one hand, the West is at the peak of its power. At the same time, it is confronted with an increasing desire by elites in other parts of the world to shape the world in non-Western ways; (5) because cultural characteristics and differences are less mutable and hence less easily compromised and resolved than political and economic ones; (6) finally, because increasing economic regionalism will reinforce civilization-consciousness.It is clear that the causes of religious wars and other religion related violence have not disappeared from the face of the earth. Some expect an increase of it. Efforts to make the world safe from religious conflicts should then also be high on the agenda. Religious actors should abstain from any cultural and structural violence within their respective organizations and handle inter-religious or denominational conflict in a non-violent and constructive way. This would imply several practical steps, such as a verifiable agreement not to use or threaten with violence to settle religious disputes. It must be possible to evaluate religious organizations objectively with respect to their use of physical, structural or cultural violence. A yearly overall report could be published. Another step would be furthering the ‘depolitisation' of religion. Power also corrupts religious organizations. In addition, depolitisation of religion is a major precondition for the political integration of communities with different religions.Religious organizations can also influence the conflict dynamics by abstaining from intervention. As most conflicts are ‘asymmetrical', this attitude is partial in its consequences. It is implicitly reinforcing the ‘might is right' principle. During the Second World War, the Vatican adopted a neutral stand. It didn't publicly disapprove of the German atrocities in Poland or in the concentration camps. To secure its diplomatic interests, Rome opted for this prudence and not for an evangelical disapproval. The role of bystanders, those members of the so ciety who are neither perpetrators nor victims, is very important. Their support, opposition, or indifference based on moral or other grounds, shapes the course of events.An expression of sympathy or antipathy of the head of the Citta del Vaticano, Pius XII, representing approximately 500 million Catholics, could have prevented a great deal of the violence. The mobilization of the internal and external bystanders, in the face of the mistreatment of individuals or communities, is a major challenge to religious organizations. To realize this, children and adults, in the long run, must develop certain personal characteristics such as a pro-social value orientation and empathy. Religious organizations have a major responsibility in creating a worldview in which individual needs would not be met at the expense of others and genuine conflicts would not be resolved through aggression (Fein, 1992).ReferencesFein, Helen, ed. 1992. Genocide watch. New Haven: Yale University Press.Gantzel, Kla us, Jà ¼rgenTorsten Schwinghammer, Jens Siegelberg. 1993. Kriege der Welt. Ein systematischer Register kriegerischen Konflikte 1985 bis 1992. Bonn: Stiftung Entwicklung und frieden.Huntington, Samuel. 1993. The clash of Civilizations? New York: Foreign Affairs.Shaefer, Udo 2004 Beyond the Clash of Religions:The Emergence of a New Paradigm.   Zero Palm Press. Prague. Treverton, G. et al.   2005.   Exploring Religious Conflicts.   Rand Coporation: CA, http://www.rand.org/pubs/conf_proceedings/2005/RAND_CF211.pdf Varennes, F. Recurrent Challenges to the Implementation of Intrastate Peace Agreements: The Resistance of State Authorities.   New Balkan Politics Issue 7/8. http://www.newbalkanpolitics.org.mk/napis.asp?id=21&lang=English â€Å"Prime minister of Malaysia calls for end to inter-religious strife,† 2001-MAY-5, at: http://www.worldevangelical.org/default.htm.

Andrew Carnegie - Steel Tycoon and Philanthropis - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 246 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2019/08/05 Category People Essay Level High school Tags: Andrew Carnegie Essay Did you like this example? Andrew Carnegies innovative approach to steel production helped him amass an unprecedented personal fortune from which he could pursue many philanthropic endeavors. In addition to bad working conditions, Carnegie has been criticized for paying his workers low wages, therefore making labor relations between Carnegie and the people who worked very hard, enabled Carnegie sold his steel company he retired from business and devoted himself full-time to philanthropy. In 1889, he had penned an essay, The Gospel of Wealth, in which he stated that the rich have a moral obligation to distribute their money in ways that promote the welfare and happiness of the common man. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Andrew Carnegie Steel Tycoon and Philanthropis" essay for you Create order Always an avid reader and a self-learner, Mr. Carnegie began building public libraries throughout the United States, Canada and Europe. The first library opened in his birth town of Dunfermline, Scotland in 1883. A shrewd businessman, Andrew Carnegie would fund the building and the books of a library only on the condition that the local governing board matched that by providing the land and operating capital. It is estimated that he funded 3,000 libraries in eight countries. He would subsequently provide endowments for any library that struggled to keep its doors open to the public. His philanthropy continued on to education and science by funding the construction of several colleges and establishing grants that are still awarded today. The most famous of his philanthropic expressions is the Carnegie Hall in New York City, which is still considered one of the most prestigious venues today.

Summery of Animal Dreams by Barbara Kingsolver Essay

The novel begins narrated from the view of a man named Homero, who is also known as ‘Doc Homer’. In the brief chapter he remembers watching his two daughters, sleeping when they were younger. With their mother dead, Homero has had to raise them on his own since they were a young age. The story develops a dual narrative voice, with the second chapter narrated by Codi, the elder daughter who in the present, is in her thirties. Hallie, the younger sister, withdraws from the home she shares with Codi and Carlo in Tucson Arizona, determined to assist the brand-new communist government with crop production in Nicaragua. Codi also departs from Tucson to return to her rustic hometown of Grace, where Doc Homer has developed Alzheimers in his old†¦show more content†¦The older woman of town a.k.a ‘The Stitch and Bitch Club’, take action by going to Tucson selling homemade pià ±atas using feathers of the local peacocks. Codi joins the group and soon involves her classes, as she becomes extremely enthusiastic on the subject. On Christmas, while Codi is visiting Loyd’s family at the Pueblo of Santa Rosalia, Doc Homer gets a call stating that a group that includes Hallie have been abducted by the Contras. Codi develops deep depression and for the next few months eagerly awaits a phone call to tell her that her sister is safe. Unfortunately Codi eventually receives a call that Hallie’s body was found on the side of a road with her hands tied up and a bullet in her head, along with many other victims. She tries to inform Doc of these events but in his weak mental state is lost in his own mind and does not understand the news as he often sees Hallie and Codi as the little girls they once were. Meanwhile, the The Stitch and Bitch Club files a petition and the mine company finally announces that it is shutting down and will also clean up the river. Codi decides to leave Grace as she is extremely confused. After her plane is forced to turn around she gains courage and returns to Grace, where she ho lds a funeral for Hallie. Codi also informs Loyd about the child she miscarried in high school. At the end of the book we see that a year later Doc Homer has passed away, and Codi, still

One Simple Trick for Iliad Essay Topics Unveiled

One Simple Trick for Iliad Essay Topics Unveiled Thus an argument gets necessary. You first have to establish the reason behind your essay, before you're able to write persuasive content about it. If you get a superior thesis, however, generally you'll have the ability to articulate it in 1 sentence. As a way to strongly support the viewpoint you hold about the subject, this argument ought to be absolutely the most convincing bit of evidence. Next, you have to think about the method on how you wish to relay it to your readers. When it is argumentative or informative essays, you must develop a topic that could grab the interest of the reader right away and this isn't such an easy job. There are different ways of writing an essay but the fundamental structure stays the same. Our example essay may also help you to understand how to use various style of writing. The Argument About Iliad Essay Topics This essay is likely to end up being 300 to 600 words, so in case you pick solid examples and make certain you are very clear in your explanations of things, it won't difficult to reach. Furthermore, make an attempt to examine several angles of the problem, any illogical things and negatives you'll have the ability to observe can be turned into your favor. Set your objective first, and after that produce a means to write it in an intriguing manner for your readers to relish. In this way, the reader may also feel the way to be in that specific birthday party. The best speakers know that one of the simplest methods to relax is to learn to breathe properly. No matter the length of time you've had public speaking jobs, take some time and invest to construct your hot list. You should make sure you're very interested in the topic before it's possible to persuade others about it. Some have limited time to read and compose a paper while some simply have the issue of managing well their time and meeting their specified deadlines. There's something intrinsically vital in being there for one another, even if it doesn't benefit us as individuals. You might have to underline the source of the prevailing prejudice in young folks particularly. Different significance of a particular word depends upon the group of individuals who uses it. There are cases which people have variations in regards to interpreting or giving meanings to words. Life, Death, and Iliad Essay Topics In school, essay writing has be en made to be part of our learning activity. Getting access to our example essays is extremely simple and inexpensive. Adhering to these guidelines will allow you to structure your essay effectively and ensure it is personal and original. Sociology essays manage the study of human social behavior in a society, therefore, it is quite interesting for the students who want to know more about human psyche but boring for people who don't like studying their species. There's a lot of great college application essay topics that you're able to select for your paper. Occasionally, selecting a great argumentative essay topics will be quite tough. Choosing fantastic essay topics for middle school needs to be a careful procedure, where a balance must be struck between topics that might be too simplistic, more fit for the key school, and choosing argumentative essay topics that could be too elaborate or controversial. Following are a few of the advised sociology essay topic for those students that are unable to decide on a great topic for their assignment. You're guaranteed the communication essay is going to be that which you've asked for. Incorporating humor in your essay may be a massive benefit. Greatest essay papers ought to be original and plagiarism free. Students are unable to produce a superior parcel of prejudice essays, not because they can't write essays but probably on account of the simple fact that they're unable to create excelle nt titles for essays on prejudice. Moving forward with my essays, there are lots of things that I need to concentrate on. Also, utilize all the scratch paper you require. Your personal ideas and opinions in the paper has to be supported with arguments. You may have to select a suitable topic for your essay paper and you're running short of ideas.

Modeling Definition And The Concepts Of BPM -Myassignmenthelp.COm

Question: Discuss About The Modeling Definition And The Concepts Of BPM? Answer: Introduction An organization is required to undergo Knowledge Audit to know its knowledge capabilities and helps in identifying the gaps between the current knowledge and the strategic objectives of the organization. This report revolves around Eni, which has secured sixth position as an integrated energy firm in the world. The mainly concentrated areas are business model of the organization, its competitive environment, its strategies, its corporate governance system and risk management model. Eni is one of the largest integrated company which focus on energy production, up to down streams. The current system of this enterprise is based on sustainable value creation. It mainly focuses on the business model, strategy and risk management of the organization. Eni operates in a complex environment, to achieve sustainability in its business. But, this sustainability management system is not suitable for this process and it affects the business decisions related to financial, manufacturing, intellectual, social and human areas. Objectives The objective of this report is to help the organization identify its knowledge capabilities, to know whether the key business objectives are met or not to accomplish success. Thus, the business context and current business processes will be researched. The importance of external and internal environment analysis will be determined. Effective tools and techniques will be utilized to accomplish the same. The effective ethical and professional issues with its solution will be provided. The Strategic Plan, SWOT analysis and Knowledge Audit Plan will be discussed. Finally, the relevant ethical and professional issues will be addressed with appropriate solutions. Business Context Sustainability is the main business approach which is used in Eni to achieve economic growth, to enhance the reputation and to create opportunities for the local people. The key drivers of this business model mainly focus on the cooperation, integration, innovation, excellence, inclusion and responsibility. Business Case This business model is mainly based on the analysis of external competitive environment. It also identifies the challenges of the industries and describes the process which are implemented to face the challenges. This distinctive business approach includes the following strategies to enhance its business process: To be local Developing the in-house competences Mitigation of risk and its management Current Business Processes and Problems At present, the organization Eni has a complex environment that is following for achieving business sustainability. The issue is that, the followed sustainability management system is unsuitable for this process. Because, it has negative impact on business decisions in financial, manufacturing, intellectual, social and human departments. Project Management Overview The organization named as Eni is a largest integrated company. It focuses on production of energy, up to down streams. Sustainable value creation is the major concern of the current system, thus it concentrates on the organizations business model, strategy and risk management. This sustainable business uses integrated thinking to consider the relationship between its different functions and operations (Lucidchart.com, 2018). Objectives and Strategies The main strategic guidelines of the organization includes, profitable growth, focusing on the core areas, operation ship, enhancing the downstream operations, leveraging in the flexibility of the asset, focusing on the customers and making partnership with the NOCs. This helps to accomplish the key business objectives for a successful business. Current Business Processes Sustainable value creation is based on the business model which integrates risk management system with the stake holders. This model has different distinctive features including drivers, governance, assets and strategic guidelines (McKinsey Company, 2018). In Scope and Out of Scope Activities The project must be documented and processed well, to view the annual report, sustainability and annual remuneration reports. Decrease the changes based on the allotted budget. Stakeholders The stakeholders of the organization includes, customers, business partners, employees, regulators, local communities, policy makers and suppliers. Roles and Responsibilities The roles and responsibilities of the resources are mentioned as follows: Stakeholders Role: The role of the stakeholders in the organization is to initiate investment, in management, for voting in decision making process and to monitor social and environmental impact of their decisions (Stoval, 2017). Responsibility: The responsibilities are (Philrichardson.co.uk, 2018): To understand the business rationale and to make sure the projects strategy fits well. To have knowledge of the requirements. To show commitment for the required resources. To stay updated about the progress of the project. Provide necessary training. To identify and resolve the problems and risks in the project. Employees Role: To work for meeting the set goals of the organization. Responsibility: To put all their possible efforts and work show their responsibilities in their work (Hill, 2013). Business Analyst Role: The business analysts have various roles as listed below (Villanovau.com, 2018): To assist the case of the business. To develop a plan and to monitor it effectively. To extract the requirements. To organize the extracted requirements. To simplify and manage the requirements with effective communication. Responsibility: The responsibilities of the business analyst are (Josh, 2017): To do presentations related to project, so that the project details are conveyed to all involved in the project. To clearly analyze the business requirements. To gather both functional and non-functional requirements of the project. To help in implementing the project plan and also help in building the team. To resolve problems with effective decisions. To perform acceptance testing. To maintain the operations of the systems Functional Requirements The functional requirements are to make sure all the business processes are working effectively, after the implementation of change. Non-Functional Requirements The non-functional requirements includes to accomplish effective results from the implemented change. Business Process Modelling BPM (Business Process Modelling) is a method to map all the processes of the business, which helps in improving the process. Develop Process Flows and Supporting Diagrams The ides of displaying complex information visually such as flow chart pie chart and visual formats go back much earlier. Most recently, the visual displays are used to simplify the complex philosophical issues by using mind mapping techniques. Business modeling techniques provides a sophisticated and flexible analysis modeling platform that can be used in planning. A clear understanding of the nature and distinctiveness of these business modeling tools may offer educators as yet unrealized and potentially complementary function can aid employee to learn well (Smartdraw.com, 2018). The purpose of mind mapping is to easily understand the concepts of the business modeling. It represents the relationship between the complex diagrams. In Enis case, the mind mapping is used to provide the overall organizations visual representation. Enis case has the following metrics to improve the organization assessment and management: Enis Approach to sustainable value creation. Diffusion of integrated thinking. Enis journey towards integrated reporting. Participation in the IIRC pilot program. Enis 2012 Integrated annual reports All the above factors provide the overall representation of Enis organization. Eni organization was interested to improve the organization assessment and its management (HEFLO EN, 2018). So, organization used new business approach model i.e., integrated thinking. The existing business modelling approach does not achieve organization assets. So, it requires using integrated thinking approach to improve the organizations assets such as human resource, social, environmental, manufactured, intellectual and financial assets. These assets must be improved in the prosed systems. It also improves the internal management system and external communication process for an organization. Organizational Frame The organizational frame includes: Project Management Information Management Sustainability Management Integrated Thinking Strategic Planning Cost Controlling Change management Business Technologies Business Process Modelling Technology is the utilized. Design Principles Business analysts are the facilitators and communicators of the organization. They elicit the requirements of the business and shifts the information to the related team. The ethical and professional issues faced by these business analysts are discussed below: Paralysis in the Analysis Process In this process, the business analyst analyses all the processes of the business model with in a short period of time. Hence, the BA doesnt know where the process starts and where it ends. This over analysis leads to the clarification of the question again and again. Requires confirmation again and again, develops more resources than the requirement. Uncooperative Stakeholders When the stake holders are not cooperative with the business analyst, the business information will not be shared to the Business analyst. Hence, it requires to ask them personally. Undocumented Processes Sometimes, the stake holders will not provide the concrete documentation about the requirements at the early stage. But they will require modifications in the business process. At this situation the business analyst is responsible to get the clear requirement from the stakeholders (HEFLO EN, 2018). Knowledge and Skills The business analyst needs to work with the business and production part of the industry. These two fields are different and it has many areas. Hence, the BA needs to have good knowledge and experience to cope up with the transition. Resolving the Conflicts of Customers When the new approach is implemented in the business model, the business analyst needs to explain the modified approach and resolves the conflicts between them. Accountability for Decisions The instances of current business model needs to be changed to make it more efficient. The customers or stake holders will not approve it voluntarily. At this situations the business analyst should take the decision at the dead end. Environmental Analysis This section projects the required resources and skills for the Organization. The skills are listed below: Project Management Skills Information Management Skills Sustainability Management Skills Integrated Thinking Skills Strategic Planning Skills Cost Controlling Skills The resources are listed below: Stakeholders Employees Business Analyst Business Process Modelling Technology for managing the BPM (Rouse, 2018) (Creately Blog, 2014) Implementation Strategy The implementation strategy is to meet the objective for the organizations sustainability such as: Integration Cooperation Innovation Excellence Inclusiveness and Responsibility Therefore, the above mentioned objectives denote to have clarity and strictness in the governance rules and ethical standards for integrating the corporate risk management system and to have continuous interaction with the companys stakeholders. Organizational Changes required for Collecting New Data Enis journey towards integrated report to provide the year-on-year improvement in company performance depends on the new reporting key performance indicator (KPI). Integrated report requires collecting new data to improve the organizations assets and management. Collected data is used for improving skills, resources and strategic plan, which helps to complete the audit in the future analysis. Thus, KPI helps to accomplish the set goals (Klipfolio.com, 2018). Change and Risk Management Business process modelling is used to represent the organization activities such as analyzed, automated and improved current process. Business process modelling is typically performed by the business analysts. It increases the speed of the operations process and its quality. It also reduces the process cycle time and costs such as, capital costs, material costs, labor costs and scrap costs. In Enis case, the main process modeling includes the existing and proposed approach such as sustainability and integrated thinking. Sustainability business process is used to provide long term value creation (Shethna, 2017). It manages the organization risks such as political, financial and operational risks. But, the company operates the complexity environment, so it does not achieve the sustainability process. So, organization needs to use the integrated thinking to reduce the environment complexity. Both business approaches are based on the key performance indicator, to measure the value to dep ict the growth of the company. The main process modelling diagram is shown below. The Sustainability approach does not satisfy the organizations assets and management. But, integrated thinking approach is used to achieve the economic and financial results. It creates new opportunities to improve the organizations assets and management. Integrated thinking has the two main process such as planning and integrated risk management. The planning process is used to improve and identify the new activities and contribute to sustainable value creations. It also reaches the organization strategic targets. The integrated risk management process is used to define the organization risk management and assessment in an integrated way. It must be considered as the organizations overall risk events that are used to evaluate the risk metrics. It is also use the report and monitoring system to evaluate the overall risks and highlighted the most relevant risks. These two process are used to achieve the organization target and reinforce the long term sustainable value creations. The p roposed approach is integrated thinking, which is used to improve the internal management system and external communication process for an organization. It is as shown below. Risk Analysis and Management The internal environment contains factors that can be controlled and are impacted on the approach and accomplishment of the operation, whereas the external environment contains factors that the organization has no control on, and which can impact on the success of the organization. SWOT analysis is an effective method to determine the internal and external environment of the organization. It determines the core competencies, it decreases the identified threats and weaknesses of the organization, and takes advantage of the determined opportunities and strengths. In the organizations, SWOT analysis also supports in identifying the gaps related to resources. The following is the SWOT analysis of Eni Company: Internal Strengths This section determines the strength of the organization. It is the sixth largest integrated energy company in the world, based on market value. Thus, the company holds strong position in oil and gas value chain, right from hydrocarbon exploration phase to product marketing. It has nearly 78,000 employees. It has net sales of 127 billion, from its operations. It is a part of securing energy supplies, with an integrated business model. It functions for supplying, trading and marketing the natural gas and LN. It works for generating and selling electricity. It aspires to develop its International Oil Company (IOC) both in terms of managing and technological aspects. It is the leading company to distribute petroleum products. It also functions as a leading contractor for engineering, project management, procurement and for construction. Its approach with the shareholders helps to preserve its investments and allows to attain increase in production. This organization has presented excelling results when it comes to exploration and production. Environment prevention steps and activities. It follows mitigating risks. It believes in integrated thinking. It concentrates on constant improvement. Internal Weaknesses This section determines the weaknesses of the organization, which could become even better. Strong competencies and new strategies have become the reason for higher degree of accidents in the processes. For instance, in the improvising the processes, technologies and performance-based contract approach (Aiim.org, 2018). Sustainability increases environmental complexities. External Opportunities This section determines the opportunities for the organization, whose advantage can be gained. Increased profit from the production of oil and gas. The core areas will have stronger competitive status. Can ensure establishing strategic partnership. The production could increase. Increase the flexibility of assets in activity like refinery. Upgrading of network can be profitable for the downstream operations. External Threats This section determines the threats for the organization, which mentions the significant risks to be monitored. The operational risk are considered as the main potential threat for the upstream activities, in environmental, financial and reputational terms. Environmental complexity. Uncertainty in the business market. Knowledge Need Analysis Knowledge Inventory Analysis Knowledge Flow Analysis Knowledge Mapping Determine clear objective for KPI of the company. Make a point to share the KPI with the stakeholders. Based on week or month wise review the KPI of the company. Keep in mind that the KPI should be actionable. The changing business needs must be changed with KPI. Inspect the attainability of KPI. Then, accordingly update the objectives of KPI as required. Select appropriate KPIs, for best KPI best practices in the business. Conclusion It is commended that, any organization must first clearly determine its objectives. Then, knowledge capabilities must be assessed. Further, it must select appropriate KPIs to have best KPI business practices, to lead the organization towards success. It must follow effective strategic plan. Make sure that the strategy must be sound enough to fit between the internal resources like the Strengthen and Weaknesses; and external situations like the Opportunities and Threats. Integrated thinking among the people present in the organization will help in representing their views in broader perspective like the positive results in economic, financial, environmental and society. The problem is identified and resolved. It is observed that the existing business process is based on Sustainability, whereas the proposed business process concentrates on Integrated thinking to decrease the issues related to decision making in the processes like finance, manufacturing, human resource, organizational environmental, intellectual and social processes. Thus, the set objectives are met. The business context and current business processes are researched. The importance of external and internal environment analysis is determined, where the following points are defined - An effective method for determining the internal and external environment of the organization can be considered as SWOT analysis. SWOT analysis is expected to determine the core competencies, then it helps to decrease the threats and weaknesses of the organization, and takes advantage of the determined opportunities and strengths. However, it also helps to identify the gaps related to resources in the organ ization. The effective tools and techniques utilized to accomplish the objectives are CMap software for Mind Mapping and ADONIS software for process modelling. The Strategic Plan, SWOT analysis and Knowledge Audit Plan are discussed and presented. The roles and responsibilities are listed. Hence, the issues was in sustainability where the environment had various complexities. Henceforth, to reduce these complexities integrated thinking approach is proposed. Therefore, relevant ethical and professional issues are addressed with appropriate solutions. References Aiim.org. (2018).What is Business Process Management?. [online] Available at: https://www.aiim.org/What-is-BPM# [Accessed 31 Jan. 2018]. Creately Blog. (2014).Business Process Modeling Tutorial (BPM Guide Explaining Features) - Creately Blog. [online] Available at: https://creately.com/blog/diagrams/business-process-modeling-tutorial/ [Accessed 31 Jan. 2018]. Greenchameleon.com. (2018).How-to Guides. [online] Available at: https://www.greenchameleon.com/gc/guides/ [Accessed 31 Jan. 2018]. HEFLO EN. (2018). Business Process Modeling Definition and the concepts of BPM. [online] Available at: https://www.heflo.com/blog/process-modeling/process-modeling-definition/ [Accessed 31 Jan. 2018]. HEFLO EN. (2018).Strategic business process management in 6 steps. 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